How Drugs Are Studied

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A It takes years, and sometimes decades, for a drug to move from the theoretical stage to the pharmacy shelf…

B First, scientists target a step in the disease process… Then they manufacture compounds… and test them in laboratory cultures.

C The next step involves testing the drug in animals. Scientists look at how much drug is absorbed into the bloodstream…

D If a chemical passes laboratory and animal testing… it is ready for clinical trials. Researchers follow a protocol…

E There are four phases of clinical trials…

F Phase I clinical trials test a drug in small groups… to ascertain its safety and the appropriate dose range.

G Phase II clinical trials test several hundred volunteers… to determine how effectively the drug combats the disease.

H Phase III trials test thousands of volunteers… typically compare the drug with a control or a placebo.

I After a drug is approved, Phase IV trials may investigate longer-term effects.

Which paragraph discusses the following information?

1. Drug tests that involve growing biological material in a laboratory

Giải thích: Đoạn B nói về việc kiểm tra mẫu vật trong “laboratory cultures” (môi trường nuôi cấy).

2. Investigations of the effects of drugs on animals

Giải thích: Đoạn C nêu rõ: “testing the drug in animals”.

3. Studies to determine how safe a drug is and how much a patient should take

Giải thích: Đoạn F (Phase I) nói về việc xác định “safety” và “dose range” (liều lượng).

4. Studies to monitor how well a drug fights a disease

Giải thích: Đoạn G (Phase II) xác định mức độ hiệu quả chống lại bệnh tật (combats the disease).

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

5. Drug tests on animals look at

Giải thích: Đoạn C: “look at how much drug is absorbed into the bloodstream”. Đáp án: A.

6. During Phase II clinical trials, study participants are monitored for

Giải thích: Đoạn G: “evaluate safety, side effects, and optimal dose”. Đáp án: D.

7. After a drug is deemed safe and effective, a drug company may do further tests to ascertain

Giải thích: Đoạn I (Phase IV): “investigate longer-term effects” (tác động dài hạn theo thời gian). Đáp án: B.

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